Land Value Tax – Let's not rule it out!

As Secretary of Lib Dems ALTER (Action for Land Value Tax and Economic Reform) I have been trying to follow from the sidelines the progress of the Tax Commission. Recent discussions within ALTER suggest that for a variety of reasons the Commission may be shying away from the idea of a land based tax in the final recommendations, or that, at best, they see a possibility of a minimal form of LVT as if to oblige one lobby.

So I wanted to make a plea for people, particularly Tax Commission members to which this document will go in a slightly modified form, to take one more look at the claims we proponents of LVT make. To ask Tax Commission members and others whether they think they have had enough information to enable them to evaluate these claims and prove or disprove them.

Most of all it appears to this LVT proponent that they have either not grasped the so called “narrative” behind Tax Shifting from a predominantly income, capital and transaction tax base to a land and natural resource use tax base. Perhaps they have and have dismissed it and if so, I would be interested in the grounds on which they have done so.

The Tax Shifting “narrative”

Fairer taxing - working, making money, trading, providing the investment for someone else to work and make money in which you share, are all economically beneficial behaviours. Yet our system predominantly taxes these particular (and quite arbitrary) measures of “wealth”. Income taxes, corporation taxes, capital gains taxes, VAT and other taxes on transactions discourage these economically beneficial behaviours.

Because land value is created not by the owner pro tempore of a particular site but from the unique set of social, commercial and economic activities around it and the investment in them the speculative change in the value of land is not down to its owner’s work or investment in that land itself. It is taxing a monopoly (that location’s unique set of circumstances) of a scarce and finite resource that creates an unearned wealth increase (or indeed decrease) on the part of the owner.

Smarter taxing – we don’t offer a tax that merely “raises” money for government to spend. All tax mechanisms tend to modify behaviour. LVT however discourages behaviour we want to discourage – inefficient use of land and other scarce finite natural resources.

Since the landowner pays the tax whether or not they use the land for its optimal planning use, underuse is relatively penalised. Underused land is brought into use so it can make a return that justifies the tax burden. It encourages people to consider whether they use all the services and benefits their site gives them.

Liberal taxing – LVT is ultimately an obligaiton that can be controlled by the payer, so making it one of the most liberal tax mechanisms. If you want to save on tax, you can move to an area of lower land values and therefore lower taxes. Just as you can plot isobars on a map and watch high pressure move around to fill depressions, so you could plot land value scape and watch as the “smart money” seeks to minimise its tax liability by moving to areas of lower land values.

A tax for the globalized world we now inhabit – in a world where distances have shrunk with technology, where we can trade directly with individuals on other continents, where we can more easily hide our incomes (one open source software developer I know can effectively live on “donations” through his Amazon wish-list, never receiving a cash income from anyone), the state will have to become ever more intrusive to keep a track on incomes and transactions if it wishes to rely on these for a tax base. The land is pretty fixed however; once registered it’s difficult to deny or hide ownership completely. Its value pretty accurately reflects the value of supply side inputs around that location. It’s a non-intrusive, objective base for taxation.

An essential “eco-tax” – it encourages regeneration of our built environment (because it doesn’t tax improvements) – speeding up the redevelopment to modern environmentally essential technologies. By reducing capital values of house prices a household is better able to compare, for example, the relative merits of living far from work in a home they can afford but wth big fuel taxes to commute, or having a home they can afford close to work with a larger annual land tax bill but no fuel costs.

To recap, what we are promoting, in “manifesto speak”, is a shift in the tax base that will:

• make your tax bill controllable
• reduce the overall tax burden and the size of the state versus the individual and the market
• make housing more affordable and better match empty homes to households in need
• reduce the overall burden of debt in society
• ensure efficient use of land and prevent sprawl
• encourage our built environment to move with technological advance
• promote investment in areas of low economic prosperity
• recoup public investment in infrastructure directly from those who benefit from it in unearned wealth increases

…through a system that:
• taxes monopolistic windfall gains rather than hard work and enterprise
• is simpler to administer
• is more difficult to avoid/evade

Has the Tax Commission investigated such claims, understood them, and dismissed or disproved them? Or is it simply skeptical about something that makes so many wide ranging claims? Will they have done their jobs properly if they do not investigate such claims? Can we not steel ourselves to say “we have an idea even better than LIT” rather than worry about negative press for ditching it?

Most of the claimed effects are, after all, sound Lib Dem policy “desirables”. For example many housing professionals think that LVT is the best or even only longer term solution to current housing availability and affordability. We were not permitted to discuss LVT in our Housing Policy Paper discussions, as we had no fiscal remit, but were assured it would be considered when the party did look at taxation policy.

Let’s not forget in this year when we’ve been celebrating the 1906 Liberal Government, this is the tax that so enraged the vested interests in our society a hundred years ago that they gave up most of their “born to rule” birthright (Parliament Act 1911) to see it withdrawn.


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Comments

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Anonymous,

I've never quite understood why it is that people are so convinced that promising to cut income tax is a vote LOSER.

From a tactical point of view, our potential supporter base is educated and young - i.e. the main beneficiaries of LVT, whereas the main beneficiaries of LIT are relatively well off pensioners who unswervingly vote Conservative. What's the tactical incentive for keeping the policy?

As a northerner :) I would endorse the national LVT idea.

I see no reason to couple this at all to the local taxation question. Income and land taxes nationally, with local authorities able to vary either or both.

Not personally a big fan of LIT, but I can see the arguments for not backing down.

Actually, I think you over-egg it a little Jock. Promoting the most cost-efficient use of land consistent with the permission is likely to mean less ecologically efficient uses are adopted.

But anyway, this can be corrected elsewhere and LVT is still a good idea for the other reasons you give.

Gavin, I think you are right that it is not very optional.

But the effect on the rental market should be exactly balanced by the depressive effect on land prices.

Gavin, in answer to your first - it's not so much a drop of a hat" - people actually move about quite a deal nowadays. Whilst 50% of the owner occupancy sector is unmortgaged and therefore you would think pretty stable, the other 50% the average mortgage lasts just eight years - so there is clearly some churn. But business is the key - if there was a 50% saving on your tax bill if you moved from "Silicon" Thames Valley to Silicon Glen you would take a fair amount of economic activity with you.

On your other questions:
- Who would value the land?

Land is already valued - accurately enough for people to judge whether their "single biggest investment" is a good buy or not. We already have vast amounts of data on land and property transactions and the completion of the National Land and Property Gazetteer project will make that easier to apply. I don't see a problem, once people are used to it. It was a problem in Hong Kong - who were able to have a low income tax regime because they have LVT but it often went decades between revaluations so they tended to mess instead with rates.

- If all other taxes are unfair, would it not be sensible, in your opinion, to replace all taxes with a LVT?

Indeed, Henry George called it the "Single Tax". Adam Smith the best species of revenue to tax and so on. However it should be noted that a. it would not preclude taxes - so called sin taxes - that attempt to change habits where those are democratically agreed aims and b. that "land" in this context is a classical understdnaing of land as "all of the material universe not created by application of man and capital" so, for example, could income airport landing slots, definitely includes licenses to lease parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and so on. But yes, I can find few if any redeeming features of income tax, for example. But LVT is definitely intended as a replacement not additional tax.

- Would landlords or tenants be required to pay the tax? If landlords you could instantly destroy the rental market which is necessary to the economy and is fair use of an individual's money.

*Owners* are usually the ones who would pay it. So landlords in the main (especially since it would be driven off the land register). If a tenant was already paying a full market rent it would not be easy to pass it on, since they are effectively already paying (to the landlord) that portion of the rent that is the taxable economic rent. But I don't believe you would destroy the private rented sector, though I do believe it would reduce as the whole thing would encourage ownership over renting. Yields to the owners of all land would fall as a portion of those yields is paid in tax - so it would certainly cause an adjustment in the short term (which might be no bad thing - get rid of the slum landlords mainly who have no interest in looking after their properties properly - such people are living off the unearned economic rent of what they own anyway largely - and incentivise those who do keep their property well and up to date and "worth renting".

There are suggestions - such as a homestead allowance - about ways in which landlords could be given an incentive to do creative things like share ownership. But you are right overall - it is an attack on landlordism - which is presumably why their lordships were so shit scared of it in 1909!"

Heh! I wonder if the Tax Commission realise that Joe and Jock agree on this particular bit of economic policy. I should have thought that would be enough to settle it!

But why do you think optimal planning use will mean lower ecologically efficient use. I agree if it does it could be solved somewhere else - local plans would need to change in reaction to the effects of the tax anyway as well. But I'm not sure why anyone would say build to a lower density than the optimal use.

I think there is generally a political cost to any new tax because fear is more powerful than hope.

To overcome this, we have to be clear that it is not a money-raising measure, but that other taxes are cut in a fair way. The problem is that we have sold the Income Tax is fair" message hard. In fact the only recent time without a property tax, however crude, was that of the poll tax. And that tax package was so unfair it did permanent damage to the Tories."

I wonder whether you're right that people can choose whether to pay it. How many people really have a choice about where they work and live to such an extent that they can move to a lower land-value area at the drop of a hat?

Also:
- Who would value the land?
- If all other taxes are unfair, would it not be sensible, in your opinion, to replace all taxes with a LVT?
- Would landlords or tenants be required to pay the tax? If landlords you could instantly destroy the rental market which is necessary to the economy and is fair use of an individual's money.

I'm guessing actually that what Anonymous might be referring to are the technicalities (tactical issues) of introducing LVT that look like political suicide" where people get the impression, though I cannot work out from where, that everyone who owns their own home will instantly be bankrupted, plunged into negative equity and evicted by the imposition of LVT.

Which is of course utter nonsense. Of course there will be winners and losers (as we were only too willing to explain with LIT) but there are several ways of getting over transitional "hurdles" depending on how radical we want to be - from imposing a tax that would simply restrain future land value growth to something closer to inflation until all danger of negative equity were out of the way before imposing a higher tax that would begin to actually reduce capital values, to going the whole hog, taxing all land value and doling out free money to those who lose out with which to repay their negatively equitied mortgages.

Bonkers, I know. But there we are. We have a Tax Commission going on with the supposed experts supporting LVT who look as if they are going to be outgunned by the campaigns department and local government team which will create a "face saving" policy rather than the best policy.

That's the point at which I give up with this party I fear. If we cannot as a party move away from focus group policies, we might as well choose our least worst enemy and merge with Labour, the Tories or both."

INcidentally, I'd be quite pleased if it did lead to lower densities. We're not such a small island that everyone needs to be crammed in wherever - an increase in the current land space per household (currently 0.19 acres I believe according to Who Owns Britain"). But at least LVT would make people understand the cost of a green belt or restrictive policy and make informed choices."

Perhaps one of the reasons why LVT isn't exactly flavour of the month is the woeful shortage of any *political*, let alone *tactical* messages from its proponents.

All your arguments sound lovely at the top-level, in terms of economic & political theory, but whenever Tony Vickers or whoever presents a paper on what it would mean in practice, it looks like political suicide.

No wonder the Tax Commission members are (allegedly) sceptical ...

Precisely why it is such a bad idea just to pick and choose and try to squeeze in an element of land taxation because some really want it which seems to be the tack they are taking at present.

Far better to embrace, if possible, the whole philosophy of tax shifting and then plan its implementation is such a way as it is seen to replace and reduce other taxes.

See, I just don't understand this line. We offer the prospect of a low tax economy, in which most equalization is achieved by market forces rather than the big state, the only long term solution to housing affordability, less intrusiveness than will be required to maintain incomes and transaction as tax bases in a globalized world, a tax that is controllable by the payer (the very definition of a liberal tax as I read somewhere recently - Nick Clegg perhaps?), a better way of financing public infrastructure that pays for itself out of the windfall gains such projects create in local land markets (and automatically compensating people in lower taxes if they are adversely affected by such projects).

Actually I hear the TC is not so skeptical - that LVT has had majority of support for most of the time it's been meeting (not for replacing LIT but usually as a national tax) - just that the campaigns team and the local government teams are dead against any form of property tax because of the mixed messages it will send about the LIT campaign.

I rather suspect that for Tony as well as myself, LVT is a bigger issue than party. If we do not grasp it now I shall probably be off as soon as I can find a different more receptive political home.

I say it's the political suicide of a mediocre third party that dares not step too far out of the two party consensus line if we don't look seriously at it.

Still - I would prefer a national LVT in any case - it's only with a national one that the biggest benefits of automatic equalization through market forces from one region to another would be felt.

What I quite like is the idea that LVT is set locally and then precepted into by central government...:)

Unfortunately, every time I've heard any high level discussion on LIT/LVT, the thrust of it is we said we wouldn't u-turn on LIT and we can't afford to lose face." To date I haven't heard a single economic argument for LIT, just some old tosh about "fairness".

I fear the worst. :("

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